Cause Effect of Coral Sea Battle free essay sample

Cause The Japanese intended to catch New Guinea, the large and significant Allied port on Papua’s southern coast called ‘Port Moresby, and to Australia’s upper east, the island of Tulagi along the Solomon chain. By doing this, the Japanese could fabricate landing strips on Tulagi to control unified transportation paths among America and Australia, and broaden the Japanese realm cautious ring. The guard of Port Moresby was basic to triumph in the South Pacific and to the protection of Australia. Had Port Moresby fallen, it would have left northern Australia progressively defenseless against attack.Singapore and Rabaul had just fallen, and the Japanese soldiers were getting a lot nearer. Over the time of a year or more, Darwin and northern pieces of Australia experienced occasional bombings from the Japanese. Code-breakers were the most compelling motivation for the fight. American code-breakers had started to translate and block the Japanese code and signals. It highlighted an enormous Japanese maritime development here as they arranged to attack more islands and draw nearer to Australia. We will compose a custom article test on Cause Effect of Coral Sea Battle or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The U. S. moved two of their bearers to that region and in the long run the fight happened. The Japanese were not expecting that sort of resistance and their misfortunes during the fight directly affected the clash of Midway. Impact One of the most noteworthy impacts of the Coral Sea was the loss of plane carrying warships, Shokaku and Zuikaku to Japanese Naval Marshal General Yamamoto for his arranged standoff with the American transporters at Midway.The Japanese accepted that they had sunk two bearers in the Coral Sea, however this despite everything left at any rate two more US Navy bearers, Enterprise and Hornet, which could help safeguard Midway. Truth be told, the Americans would have three bearers to restrict Yamamoto at Midway, since Yorktown stayed operational in spite of the harm from Coral Sea, and the US Navy had the option to set it up adequately to empower it take an interest in the fight. In the more drawn out term, the Allies increased definitely more from the commitment than did the Japanese. The fight finished the proposed Japanese ocean borne intrusion of Port Moresby.

Philosophy - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that Philosophical T

Reasoning - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that Philosophical Thinking can Bring? Reasoning is a general review of how our general public capacities, by how we think and the numerous manners by which we act. It can likewise be portrayed as the adoration for shrewdness. As people we are acquainted with thoughts that test our insight into the various ideas of life, with questions, for example, who are we and for what reason would we say we were brought here? Philosophical inquiries have had an effect on us with musings that don't as a rule have a response to the inquiry which was presented, and to which neither one of the sides knows the response to. For a huge number of years humankind has scrutinized the starting points of human life and the idea of the universe. Throughout the years, incredible logicians, for example, Plato and Aristotle philosophized such inquiries as: What is the importance of life on Earth? What were the conditions that made us wonder regarding why we are here? Also, which technique for scanning for the significance of life do we like? Such in quiries have likewise boggled my psyche. The way of thinking of one’s life, must be replied by that individual whom it devours. Theory and our day by day lives are firmly connected to one another. At work as well as school we are here and there shelled with questions that may once in a while influence our perspective, and now and again our ethical convictions. In the network, we are exposed to things that become incorporated into our lives, and we are left with the anguish of attempting to make sense of the set in stone answer, wh... Reasoning - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that Philosophical T Reasoning - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that Philosophical Thinking can Bring? Reasoning is a general diagram of how our general public capacities, by how we think and the numerous manners by which we act. It can likewise be portrayed as the affection for intelligence. As people we are acquainted with thoughts that test our insight into the various ideas of life, with questions, for example, who are we and for what reason would we say we were brought here? Philosophical inquiries have had an effect on us with considerations that don't ordinarily have a response to the inquiry which was presented, and to which neither one of the sides knows the response to. For a huge number of years humankind has scrutinized the beginnings of human life and the idea of the universe. Throughout the years, extraordinary thinkers, for example, Plato and Aristotle philosophized such inquiries as: What is the significance of life on Earth? What were the conditions that made us wonder regarding why we are here? What's more, which strategy for scanning for the significance of life do we like? Such inquiries have additionally boggled my brain. The way of thinking of one’s life, must be replied by that individual whom it expends. Reasoning and our every day lives are firmly connected to one another. At work or potentially school we are some of the time shelled with questions that may sometimes influence our perspective, and now and again our ethical convictions. In the network, we are exposed to things that become incorporated into our lives, and we are left with the distress of attempting to make sense of the set in stone answer, wh...

When to Stop Using ADHD Medications

When to Stop Using ADHD Medications ADHD Treatment Print When and How a Child Should Stop Using ADHD Medications By Vincent Iannelli, MD facebook Vincent Iannelli, MD, is a board-certified pediatrician and fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Iannelli has cared for children for more than 20 years. Learn about our editorial policy Vincent Iannelli, MD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on February 04, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children slobo / Getty Images ADHD is a condition that is well-recognized by most parents, teachers, and pediatricians. Kids with ADHD symptoms typically have problems paying attention, get easily distracted, and/or are hyperactive and impulsive. Starting ADHD Medications It is often clear when a child needs to start ADHD medications, as their ADHD symptoms are causing some form of impairment  so that they have: Trouble in the classroom and are falling behind at schoolDifficulty making and keeping friendsProblems in after-school activities and sportsBehavior problems at school and/or at home For these children, an ADHD medicationâ€"usually a stimulantâ€"is the recommended ADHD treatment to target these core ADHD symptoms. Behavior therapy, instead of or in addition to a stimulant, is also sometimes recommended. Stopping ADHD Medications It is usually a lot less clear whether your child should be taken off ADHD medication after he has been doing well for some time. Should he take them for the rest of his life, which might seem reasonable to some parents  as many adults are now getting diagnosed and treated for ADHD? Or should your child stop taking his ADHD medications: Because he is having too many ADHD medication side effects, like a decreased appetite, insomnia, feeling too calm, or moodiness?When he doesnt want to take it anymore, often when he becomes a teenager?At the beginning of every school year to see if he actually needs them anymore? By themselves, none of those are really good reasons for a child to stop taking his ADHD medications. For example, if he is simply having too many side effects, a lower dose or medication change might be better than just stopping medications altogether. Unfortunately, once a child is on an ADHD medication and doing well, many parents and pediatricians dont want to rock the boat, and will continue the medication from one year to the next, never really considering if it is still necessary. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), in their practice parameter on treating kids with ADHD, states that: Patients should be assessed periodically to determine whether there is a continued need for treatment or if symptoms have remitted.?? As a part of a periodical assessment, the physician and family should look for signs that indicate the child might be able to stop his ADHD medication.?? These include: He has been well-controlled and free of ADHD symptoms for at least one year while taking medication.You havent needed to increase his dose of medication, despite the fact that he has grown and gained weight in the past year or two.ADHD symptoms are not noticeable on days that you dont give him his medication or he forgets to take it. Keep in mind that not every child is going to be able to stop taking his ADHD medication when he gets older. ADHD symptoms likely are never outgrown, although hyperactivity symptoms often decrease as a child gets older. Some children, depending on the severity of their ADHD symptoms, may be able to manage without medication. Others continue to take medication all through high school and even when they go off to college. When to Stop ADHD Medications If you, together with your pediatrician and your child, decide that stopping his ADHD medication might be a good idea, it is important to choose a good time to try it. Stopping an ADHD medication at the beginning of a new school year or other high-stress time is rarely a good time, and almost sets your child up to fail a trial off medication. Wait for a low-stress time when your child is in a good routine at schoolâ€"perhaps after a round of tests, when school might be a little easier. Even a vacation might not be a good time, since your child wont have the same demands as he would at school, such as reading, going to class, studying, etc. Once you do stop his medication, be sure to regularly check and make sure that your child is continuing to do well. If his ADHD symptoms become more apparent and affect his schoolwork, how he interacts with his friends and family, or other things, then consider talking to his pediatrician about restarting his medication. Dont just wait for your childs next report card, though. Instead, give each of your childs teachers an  ADHD questionnaire to fill out in about two weeks, such as the Vanderbilt Assessment Follow-up form. A parent form is also available, and both can be scored by your pediatrician to make sure your childs trial off his ADHD medication is really working. Teens and ADHD Medications Since the non-medical use of stimulants or abuse of Ritalin and Adderall is an increasing problem in teens and young adults, most parents likely wouldnt think that getting teens to take their prescribed ADHD medications would be a problem. Unfortunately, compliance with taking their ADHD medication often becomes a problem for teenagers, both for teens who have been taking their medication for years and those who are just starting to take something. In fact, growing feelings of independence among teenagers often make  them resistant to taking any medications for chronic conditions. You might be able to improve teen compliance, if a trial off medication isnt a good option, by: Getting your teen involved in the decision on whether or not to continue taking his medication, instead of simply trying to force him to take itMaking sure your teen understands that his ADHD medication isnt a cure or crutch and is like taking any other medication for a chronic condition, like using an inhaler for asthmaTalking to your pediatrician and making sure your teen doesnt have another problem, such as depression, anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, drug use, etc., that is contributing to his non-complianceAdjusting your teens medication dosage or changing medications if side effects are a problem, even settling for a reduction in ADHD symptoms instead of trying to get rid of them altogetherConsidering allowing your teen to take breaks from his ADHD medication on weekends and other breaks from schoolGetting help at school or after school, such as extra tutoring, when trying a trial off ADHD medications Extra counseling and behavior therapy are also good options if your teen resists taking his medication and his grades, relationships, and behavior at home begin to suffer. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Essay about Were the Conspirators Right to Murder Julius...

Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) was one of the most outstanding leaders in history. He was the first ruler of the Romano-Hellenic civilization and achieved his goals with great success throughout his life of 56 years. He was assassinated by the conspirators, who accused him for practicing tyranny. This essay will discuss whether it was right for the conspirators to murder Caesar and what its consequences were. The conspirators were wrong to kill Julius Caesar because he contributed to the upturn and reformation of Rome into an orderly state. Caesar reformed Rome and prevented Rome from demolition. For instance, Caesar reorganized the town governments in Italy, reformed the courts, planned to codify the law to improve administration. Besides†¦show more content†¦Besides that, when they planned for the Parthian expedition, Cassius did not get any important command, although he was a skilful soldier and had great acquaintanceship of the enemys country. Another example was Basilus who was annoyed because he had not been allowed to become a governor. They purposely censured him and promulgated calumnious reports about his arrogance after conceiting him. Besides that, Caesar was killed because he was accused of wanting to be the tyrant. In this case, Brutus, who was the descendant of tyrant-slayers, was exploited by Cassius to assassinate Caesar. Brutus saw the murder of Caesar as a sac red duty, and a duty peculiarly and urgently incumbent upon himself. It is obvious that the conspirators all had personal motives for killing Caesar. Hence, it was wrong for the conspirators to kill Caesar without reasonable grounds. Another reason why Caesar should not be killed by the conspirators was because honours were offered to him; he did not use force to gain them. When Antonius read Caesars will, he said that Caesar did not seize these honours by force, like a tyrant...he did not even ask for them. We gave these honours freely to those who deserve them. In fact, Caesar neither dared to thrust the honours all aside, for fear of being thought contemptuous, nor could he be safe when he accepted them. Caesar showed that he did not intend to gain honours when Caesar dedicated the diadem, offered byShow MoreRelatedNewspaper Article Assignment Julius Caesar859 Words   |  4 PagesTimes Conspirators kill mighty Caeser Yesterday around noon, Rome witnessed the fall of a mighty leader named Julius Caesar. The conspirators involved in this murder were witnessed by the names of Cassius, Casca, Cinna, Trebonius, Ligarius, Decius Brutus, Metellus Cimber and Brutus. It was supposed to be an ordinary gathering like any other at the Capitol on March 15th, 44 B.C.E, but things ended up turning out very differently from what was normally expected. It started out with Caesar headingRead MoreWhy Did The Conspirators Justify The Murder Of Julius Caesar?1297 Words   |  6 Pagesthe conspirators justify the murder of Julius Caesar? Were they right? Conspirators justify the murder of Julius Caesar by giving the following reasons: a) he wanted to be a king, b) he broke and manipulated the law, c) he went against their own people. Although they gave these reasons, the conspirators were wrong taking into their hands the life of such as a good leader as Julius Caesar was. This essay will first, establish and explain the reasons that conspirators had to kill Julius CaesarRead MoreJulius Caesar: The Corruption Of Power Essay916 Words   |  4 PagesBrutus, Cassius, Caesar, and the other Senators held the power to do things others could not. With this authority came their ability to use poor judgement. In William Shakespeare’s tragic play Julius Caesar the theme Power Corrupts is arrayed thoroughly. Murder, treason, and ethical/moral corruption were three prevalent themes that proved the overall topic of Power Corrupts. In Julius Caesar corruption led to dangerous outcomes, such as death. quot;Et tu, Brute? Then fall Caesar!quot; (ShakespeareRead MoreMark Antony : A Righteous Avenger Or Ruthless Opportunist?1101 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s â€Å"Julius Caesar,† Mark Antony can be described as one who changes his approach to the conspirators and Caesar’s death, questioning his trust. A ruthless opportunist can be described as one who adjusts his values in a certain situation for a certain purpose, uses others for his gain, and does not consider the principles or consequences. Whether it was his persuasion or his passion, Antony knew how to win a crowd and how to manipulate those involved in Caesar’s death such as the conspirators forRead More Julius Caesar Essay: Marc Antony’s Power of Persuasion1385 Words   |  6 PagesMarc Antonys Power of Persuasion in Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, although Marc Antony is allowed to make a speech at Caesars funeral, he must not speak ill of either the conspirators or Caesar.   Antony was infuriated with Caesars assassination, and wants to seek revenge on his killers as well as gain power for himself in Romes government.   He must persuade the crowd that has gathered that Caesars murder was unjust, and turn them against Brutus and CassiusRead MoreAmbiguity In Shakespeares Julius Caesar1395 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Overall, the main character, Julius Caesar is a character that readers are often very ambiguous about. On one hand, it is said that Julius Caesar would likely become a tyrant if he was crowned king. On the other hand, Julius Caesar is made out to be a great hero. Therefore, readers are faced with a dilemma about who they should side with in this story. By having many of the supporting characters going against the decision to crown Julius Caesar king, this creates an even larger dilemmaRead MoreMarcus Brutus: Shakespeares Tragic Hero in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar1238 Words   |  5 PagesTragedy of Julius Caesar. Shakespeare defines tragic hero as a flawed character who has good fortune, and then loses all he has prized, leading to his misfortune, but a tragic hero must have that moment of enlightenment, that moment where a character can see that he caused his own downfall and receives the blame for his own tragedy. The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is based on an historical event- t he assassination of Julius Caesar; however, the story revolves around the conspirators, not Caesar. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Brutus In The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar1147 Words   |  5 PagesBrutus in William Shakespeares The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. In this play the noble Brutus is persuaded by a group of conspirators that Julius Caesar, a friend of Brutus, should be killed before he is crowned the king. Following the death of Caesar, Brutus speaks out to the people of Rome. He left his speech feeling extremely confident, but soon came to find an angry city upset by the death of their future king. Consequently, Brutus and the other conspirators had no other option but to flee Rome. EventuallyRead More Julius Caesar Essay573 Words   |  3 Pages SUMMARY: Shakespeares Julius Caesar is the story of the resulting conflicts from the assassination of perpetual dictator and Roman emperor, Julius Caesar. A great friend of Caesar, Mark Antony, comes to the senate to see the dead body of their dictator. He pretends to not be angry at those who took part in the assassination, and asks to speak at his funeral, a request which he is granted. However, after the men leave, he begins a soliloquy in which he suggests that Caesars spirit will take revengeRead MoreMarcus Brutus as the Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Julius Caesar1267 Words   |  6 PagesBrutus as the Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Julius Caesar Because of Shakespeares popularity among scholars and literary critics, his plays have been studied time after time. In the four hundred or so years since they were written, Shakespeares plays and other literary masterpieces have been categorized. Many of them, including Shakespeares portrayal of Julius Caesars murder and the resulting events for Rome and for Caesars conspirators, have been put into the tragedies category. According

Role Of The Goddess Of Indian Society - 1835 Words

Name: Choi I Chan Professor: Terry Russell Course: ASIA 1420 Date: October 27, 2016 The Role of the Goddess in Indian Society Just like the way the Indian society respect and cherish their goddesses, the assumption is that the same society should treat women with respect, concern, and care. Role models have played a central role in shaping the way a person thinks and behaves in the society. Therefore, it is logic to suggest that Indian women will always use the goddesses as their role models on how they can earn respect from the rest of the society. This paper examines goddesses as role models with regard to the Indian society, the role of Indian goddesses in influencing girls’ behaviours, further exemplifies how the goddesses reminded the Indian society about the place of women, and finally compares the position of women in India and other countries and describes the plight of India women as the society continues to worship goddesses. The role of the Indian goddesses in feminism cannot be underestimated. The goddesses have served the purpose of reminding worshipers of the significance and place of the women in the Indian society. For instance, the celebration of the Kumari goddess reminds men to treat women as their equal, a culture that has contributed immensely to the promotion and protection of the welfare of the Indian women (Hiltebeitel and Erndl 93). Girls are encouraged to worship the goddess as it serves as a constant reminder of how women are expected to carryShow MoreRelatedThe Between The East And West Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesIn Western society, specifically the US and Europe, feminists and Neo-pagans use Kali as an icon of anger at a patriarchal society. They see Kali as a force to be reckoned with, an awe-inspiring image for women in a developing country such as India. However, women in India rarely use goddesses as images of women’s rights, despite having a pantheon rich with female de ities. Why is this? Do they revere the image of the goddesses too much to use them in a political stance? Or are they afraid of theRead MoreHijras Of Indi Challenging The Sexually Dimorphic Construction Of Gender1159 Words   |  5 Pagesgender identity (Guest, 2014). The Hijras identify with the Hindu Mother Goddess, Bahuchara Mata, who is generally represented as transgendered (Guest, 2014). They typically dress and talk like women, although they are not seen as male nor female (Guest, 2014). They may also engage in sex with men. Because Hijras identify with the Hindu Goddess, they are revered as a sacred figure, but at the same time, they are marginalized in society. They live according to an established code of conduct in communitiesRead MoreCharacters in The Odyssey and Ramayana Essay1101 Words   |  5 Pagesand Sita represent the idealistic woman which base their actions and thoughts off of their emotions. Whereas Odysseus and Rama, their characters’ roles represent the ideal status of a male figure in the authors’ society and the man’s role between religion and the family. Athena’s role in The Odyssey focuses on several key components in Greek society that they considered to be normal for women at the time. Her portrayal in the epic distinguishes her from other women, however she still is subservientRead MoreThe Third Sex in Eastern Civilization1357 Words   |  6 Pagesneither male nor female. This subject was brought up in a film called â€Å"The Codes of Gender† that was created by a sociologist named Erving Goffman. Goffman stated that the third sex has its own set of gender traits and that it’s most popular on the Indian subcontinent. Western cultures only operate with a two sex/ two gender notion. Eastern cultures are more open to other possibilities. In Eastern cultures there is a form of acceptance of a third sex and in Western cultures there is little to no acceptanceRead MoreGender Roles Of The Indian Society1344 Words   |  6 Pagesus. In this process, families are introduced to certain roles that are characteristi cally connected to their birth sex. The term gender role refers to society s concept of how men and women are projected to behave. These roles are typically founded on customs or standards, fashioned and often enforced by society. In many cultures such as in the United States, male roles are usually related with power, and governance, while female roles are usually associated with passivity, fostering, and subordinationRead MoreEssay about Womens Roles1700 Words   |  7 Pagesoccupied a very important position, a superior position to men. 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This statement exemplifies that they are an important aspect to Indian society because of everything that theyRead More Cultural Impact of Hinduism in India Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pagesabove originated in India (Finegan 151). Seventy percent of the populations are Hindus. In fact, Hinduism is the oldest and third largest religion in the world. Hinduism has deeply influenced Indian society, for several reasons: it has a long history in this place, it is related to the social status of Indians, and it is integrated with the cultural aspects in India. Hinduism has faith in the deity that is visualized in a triad. They are Brahma, the creator; Vishnu, the preserver; and Siva, theRead MoreEssay on Indian Culture1467 Words   |  6 Pagesregardless of their caste, creed, color, race, sex or religion.17 Overall, all these religions encourage passive goal behavior. 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Fashion in Britain Free Essays

Manner in Britain London is one of the most influential centres of manner in the universe with the manner hebdomad held twice a twelvemonth in February and September. The British manner scene is extremely regarded and appreciated in the manner universe since it is portion of the alleged E?Big FourE? [ 1 ] . However, such a high rank wouldn?t have been achieved without The British Fashion Council. We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion in Britain or any similar topic only for you Order Now This establishment was established in 1983 to assist organizing interior decorators, forming manner hebdomads and advancing immature draw a bead oning theoretical accounts, directors and interior decorators. The current president is Natalie Massenet who was appointed to this place in 2013. Britain does everything in its power to maintain and beef up non merely it topographic point at the top but besides the influence it bestows on immature manner lovers. Many of its manner colleges, the most of import and universe famous is surely the London Fashion College, are highly competitory and attract 1000s of appliers from all over the universe every academic twelvemonth. From all of the above mentioned it is non hard to reason that manner is, and ever was, really of import to the British people. We are able to follow it all the manner to the Roman invasion of the British islands in 43 AD. The manner people dressed in the earliest period of the British history before the Roman encroachers does non render itself to the analysis given the fact that merely scarce grounds exists. The preserved artifacts from that period include parts/fragments of vesture and pieces of jewelry. Harmonizing to the vesture found in Gravess, we can freely presume that adult females had worn adventitias and masterfully made pieces of jewelry such as broachs ( which were presumptively used to fix the adventitias ) . However, these material artifacts are non plenty for pulling any certain scientific decision about the E?fashionE? in the period before 43 AD. During the Roman business of Britain, the land was divided into states and the overall province of the common people was really hapless. Since this period was marked by changeless battle and conflict for endurance there was no British manner or manner of dressing we can discourse. Thus, I will jump this period in my paper. I will take you to the journey through the history of British manner from the mediaeval period to modern manner tendencies and the greatest manner houses. Bear in head that during each century manner changed from decennary to decennary and it is non possible to include everything so this paper will concentrate merely on the most outstanding features of manner in the given period. Medieval and Renaissance manner The basic medieval vesture consisted of adventitias with long arms and linen skirts for a adult male around 1050. Women wore similar adventitias but longer and were obliged to cover hair with a goon. Although, manner changed easy through the in-between age we can separate several chief ways of dressing. Hundred old ages subsequently, nil changed significantly for adult females whereas work forces added pointed chapeaus and legings into their garments. Around 1250 loose cloaks and shorter arms for both work forces and adult females came into manner. At a same clip, loose gowns with arms cut at two sides became really popular ( these sorts of gowns are still popular today being the E?ancestorsE? of modern formal gowns and dance frocks ) . In 14Thursdaycentury adult females braided hair into a roll and a henin was worn by the aristocracy. The henin was a chapeau or hair dress more exactly in the form of cone with head coverings. These were normally expensive and represented a mark of aristocracy and aristocracy. Work force wore pointed places called crackowes or poulaines and the arrow they were the richer was the proprietor. From 1430 onwards the appareled and male garments became richer and richer ; stuffs were rich, heavy and embroidered many of them imported from Italy and Flanders. Sleeves were given funnel form and were lined with pelt while the front portion of a frock was normally pinned back to let a lady easier walking. When the Renaissance reached its extremum, work forces were normally dressed in the E?Italian FashionE? manner which meant have oning tight apparels such as doublet and hosieries. Work forces had long loose gowns hanging over their shoulders and those gowns were cut unfastened in order to demo contrastive facings. British manner during 16Thursdayand 17Thursdaycentury The manner of the Tudor?s tribunal was characterized by a low waist and a high neckline. During the reign of Henry VIII, the Italian manner was still outstanding and work forces wore over-grown short gowns with skirts, tight hosieries. Approximately around 1520 full upper arms became popular. Women?s apparels did non alter significantly until the accession of Queen Elisabeth I. The twelvemonth 1600 saw the rise of Spanish manner. Men wore cushioned doublet and short knee pantss making the waist. The E?Spanish cloakE? was obligatory portion of vesture for royalty and aristocracy. It was made of heavy, rich stuff and was heavy embroidered. Nowadays, it is believed that sir Walter Raleigh through this sort of coat in the clay in order to protect Queen Elisabeth I from stepping into it. Queen Elisabeth dictated manner tendencies from her accession to the throne until approximately 1634, 31 old ages after her decease. She introduced long, stiff bodices and skirts of frocks were supported by farthingales and boulsters. Sleeves were broad and neckline was low cut in a specific manner in order to border the face. Caps were no longer worn ; hair was worn high with threads and plumes. In the in-between 17Thursdaycentury, the Dutch manner was popular. Work force wore unstiffened jacket and broad loose knee pantss ( similar to a musketeers? manner in France ) . Female apparels still involved stiff bodices while the long rich skirts were cut unfastened. False coil were added to hair beside threads. In the late 17Thursdaycentury, the manner of Gallic tribunals became outstanding. An over-gown was worn over the stiff girdle but was pinned back and gathered behind the waist in order to demo embroidered half-slip. British manner during 18Thursdayand 19Thursdaycentury From the beginning to the center of the 18Thursday,gentlemen wore tight knee pantss fastened above the articulatio genus and field tightly suiting coats which formed curvy dress suits at the terminals. Men wore their ain hair, but the formal occasions they were expected to have on white powdery wigs. Ladies wore long heavy frocks dwelling of stiff bodices and several beds of petticoats. Wing-like arms were introduced and frocks were made of silk and heavy brocaded stuffs. Towards the terminal of the 17Thursdaycentury, dresses became simpler due to the strong influence of the countryside manner. It is called redingote or a riding coat –the waist of a frock become shorter and a false hindquarters was added. Silk was worn merely in the eventides and formal occasions while the mundane frocks were made of wool, linen and cotton. At the beginning of the 18Thursdaycentury, the involvement in ancient Greece and Rome woke once more, particularly in the ancient manner. Dresses consisted of merely one half-slip with high waist. Long baseball mitts every bit good as muslin entered the manner. The girdle ( bodice ) left the manner scene and light stuffs were used. Gentlemen wore dark fitted suits dwelling of a cloth coat with buttons plain vests. Breechess were replaced by a Pantaloons and a hessian siting boots became popular. George Brummell brought to manner a formal suit with a necktie which is still worn all over the universe on formal occasions. The manner of this epoch is exactly portrayed in the BBC version of the fresh E?Pride and PrejudiceE? starring Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle. The manner of 20thcentury The line of a frock changed since the accent was put on the shoulders and waist. Sleeves were puffed and skirts were long and fluxing. Hats were ever worn by ladies. The involvement in leather pocketbooks revived. [ 2 ] Evening dressed were low cut and made of alien stuff. Everything alien became popular-from stuff to make-up and hairdos. Hair was loose, curly and bob hairdo was popular. In 1947 Christian Dior presented the E?New LookE? which involved fitted jacket with nipped waist and full calf-length skirt. Mary Quant introduced short mini-dresses and skirts ( 6-7 inches above the articulatio genus ) . The manner was shaped by Gallic interior decorators such as Dior and Gabriele E?CocoE? Chanel who brought denims, tanned tegument and expensive gustatory sensation to the manner universe. The 50s saw the rise of theoretical accounts such as Twiggy and Jean Shrimpton. Clothes were used to demo societal position. Vivienne Westwood claim celebrity as the interior decorator during 70s a nd today. The 80s were a decennary of degeneracy with large hair and large puffed shoulders. In general, manner of the 20Thursdaycentury put speech pattern on female organic structure ( frocks became tighter following slender figure ) , make-up and hair, or as you wish-beauty in general. Modern manner in Britain is extremely influenced by the royal household, exactly, the Duchess of Cambridge Kate Middleton. Womans throughout England are seeking to copy her simple yet elegant and authoritative manner. Beside the royalty, theoretical accounts such as Kate Moss, who is considered British manner icon, represent manner function theoretical accounts to about all coevalss. Although Britain is non as rich in the being of influential manner houses as France, it still maintains high topographic point in the universe manner industry with aid of two most celebrated brands/houses-Burberry and Mulberry. Burberry Young Thomas Burberry was the laminitis of the trade name in 1856. He introduced water-repellent cloth which is called gabardine. Soon, the trade name started utilizing the name Burberrys which still can be seen on some older merchandises. In 1901, the company adopted celebrated E?Equestrian KnightE? as its logo. During the Second World War, the company was given the undertaking to alter and accommodate officers? uniforms to the rough conditions of war on unfastened field. As a consequence, the celebrated Burberry trench coat was developed. Interestingly, it is still worn today enduring merely minor alterations and is the hallmark of this trade name. In 1998, the company switched to utilizing the name Burberry once more. Modern Burberry has three trade names or subdivisions under its umbrella: Burberry Prorsum which is the basic line, Burberry London which produces concern outfits and Burberry Brit which is targeted at younger coevalss. The originative manager is Christopher Bailey. Mulberry Roger Saul and his female parent were the laminitiss of this manner house. The trade name is largely known for its leather bags, off-the-rack aggregations of vesture and accoutrements. Current CEO is Chris Roberts. In 2006, the company started the apprenticeship programmes in order to promote immature interior decorators and to supply employment for the local people. The learners are offered occupations once they finish the programme. The current interior decorator is Emma Hill who came to Mulberry in 2007. She is responsible for doing the trade name internationally celebrated and successful. However, in 2013, the trade name announced that Mrs Hill was go forthing the company in 2014. As a consequence, monetary value of portion stocks fell. In malice of this impermanent crisis, the trade name has many celebrated clients, most noteworthy of them being the Duchess of Cambridge. The rise of Britain as a manner power force decidedly started in the seventiess with the visual aspect of Vivienne Westwood who brought hood into the manner. Since so, the British manner scene saw many gifted interior decorators who helped Britain to remain among the top four. The most of import of them are John Galliano, Jenny Peckham, and Alice Temperley. Vivienne Westwood is the manner interior decorator who foremost became for planing apparels for McLaren and hood set Sex Pistols. Her first track show was held 1981 and the subject was the Pirates. When planing apparels, she likes to utilize traditional Scottish design, old cutting techniques from 17Thursdayand 18Thursdaycentury. Her designs vary from hood apparels, places, chapeaus to sole eventide gowns. Her designs were featured in the E?Sex and the CityE? movie. Although she was invited to take part in the costume designing, Westwood was dissatisfied with the chosen designs and the manner these were presented in the movie. As a consequence, she left London movie premiere and harshly criticized the costumes. She was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the British Empire. Jenny Peckham is most known for her nuptial aggregations, flushing gowns and off-the-rack outfits. In 2008, she launched bridal accessorize to follow her nuptials frocks. From 2010, her manner shows became lasting portion of the programme of New York Fashion Week. Alice Temperley designs for her manner house Temperley London founded in 2010. She puts accent on quality silk stuffs and her couture gowns are hand-made. In 2011, her Royal Majesty Queen of England appointed Temperley Member of the Order of the British Empire. Mentions Fukai, A. ( 2006 ) .Manner: a history from the 18th to the twentieth century. New York: Barnes A ; Baronial Pub. Hart, A. and S. North ( 2009 ) .17th A ; eighteenth Century Fashion Detail Fashion in Detail.London: V A ; A Publication Houston, Mary G. ( 1996 ) .Medieval Costume in England and France: The 13th, 14th and 15th Centuries. New York: Dover Publications, Inc Klepper, E. ( 1999 ) .Costume through the Ages: Over 1400 Illustrations. New York: Dover Publications, Inc Laver, J. and C. Probert ( 1983 ) .Costume and Fashion: A Concise History. Oxford: Oxford University Press Palomo-Lovinski, N. ( 2010 ) .The World ‘s Most Influential Manner Interior designers. London: A A ; C Black Publishers Peacock, J. ( 2006 ) .Costume: 1066 to the Present. New York: Thames A ; Hudson Scott, M. ( 2011 ) .Manner in Middle Ages. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum Watt, J. ( 2012 ) .Manner The Ultimate Book of Costume and Style. London: Dorling Kindersley Werle, S. ( 2010 ) .50 Manner Interior designers You Should Know. Muenchen: Prestel Printing Wilcox, C. and V. Mendes ( 2009 ) .Twentieth Century Fashion in Detail. London: V A ; A Publication Burberry. Burberry London. ( 08 February, 2014 ) lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //burberryplc.com/about_burberry gt ; Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. ( 08 February, 2014 ) lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_ ( company ) 1 How to cite Fashion in Britain, Essay examples

DIvx Essay Example For Students

DIvx Essay DivX 😉 MPEG4 Hi-Res Video Codec3.11alpha release http://divx.ctw.ccWhats new in 3.11alpha : Only fixes the CPU slider issue in the Direct Show decoder thank to Maniakzi for this Whats new in 3.1alpha : Now comes with a hacked version of M$ WMA audio codecWhats NOT new in 3.1alpha : Nothing changes in the video codecs and filtersWhy alpha stage ?Because the WMA audio crack is far from perfect (max 16bit/44KHz @ 64Kbit/s) andthe WMA direct show decoder have not been cracked yet I need Help for This Please post at Olegs forum The MP3 audio track encoded with older version of DivX 😉 is, for sure, playablewith this and newer version of DivX 😉 Files in archive:engine:DivXc32.dllVideo Codec Version 4.1.00.3920 (Low-Motion codec)DivXc32f.dllVideo Codec Version 4.1.00.3917 (Fast-Motion codec)DivX_c32.axDirect Show Decoder Version 4.1.00.3917 (Hi Quality decoder) DivXa32.acmAudio Codec Version 4.1.00.3920alpha (Better than MP3 audio)L3codeca.acmFraunhofer-IIS MP3 Radiums audio codec Version 1.2.0.63install:DivX.infInstall scriptRegister_DivX.exe Auto-install the script (for lazzy guys !)Utils:DivX MPEG4 VideoCodec.txt This textDivX Site.urlLink to the internet siteSetStereo.exeRadiums MP3 codec stereo mode changerStereo.txtHelp about SetStereo.exeInstall 9x NT Right click on DIVX.inf and select install in the pop-up menu or Double click on Register_DivX.exe This Codec provide full motion, high resolution, high quality video at low bitrate !You kidding ? No !Try to play with the DivX 😉 filter settings ! Right click on the Video in Windows MediaPlayer select Advanced - properties - DivX 😉 MPEG-4 Video Codec. You can changevarious video settings and improve the visual qualilty by moving the CPU slider. This is a Hack of selected version of the M$ MPEG4 codecFOURCC and CLSid code have been hacked so you can make ALWAYS WORKING AVIsit can coexist with retail version of the media encoder toolsand newers or hacked version of M$ MPEG4 codec. 1-2-3 How-totools needed:DeCSS/DODSRipper( http://remco.xgov.net/dvd )VirtualDub( http://www.geocities.com/virtualdub )FlasKMPEG( http://go.to/flaskmpeg )DVD2MPEG Squeezer( http://www.dvdpiracy.net/ )AVI Plug-in( http://members.xoom.com/agrab )DivX 😉 Codec ( http://divx.ctw.cc )Read ALL included help files !site to stop by:http://www.dvdpiracy.net/1- Use a CSS descambler to copy your DVD to your HD, keep the DVD structureUltra Nice Quality:-2- Convert Video to DivX 😉 AVI using FlaskMPEG with the AVI plug in I recommand to set the destination size to a big value such a 640352 for 16/9 pal Use the Decode Audio Mode and select 44100 KHz Select PCM compression for Audio Select the DivX 😉 Low or High for Video Set the Keyframe to 10 seconds Set the Compression Control to 100 (Crispness) Set the Data rate to 1h30=900 2h=7503- Use VirtualDub to compress and multiplex Audio with Video Select your AVI video file, Video - Direct Stream Copy Audio - Interleaving - 500 ms of audio before video start- Interleave audio every 500 ms Audio - Compression - Choose DivX 😉 Audio at 64Kbps for DivX 😉 Video Audio - Full Processing Mode Save the final AVIWith Subtitles:2- Convert Video to DivX 😉 AVI using DVD2MPEG Squeezer with the AVI plug in I recommand to set the destination size to a big value such a 640352 for 16/9 pal Set the Audio Output format to WAV 44100 KHz Do not use Add bands Select the DivX 😉 Low or High for Video Set the Keyframe to 10 seconds Set the Compression Control to 100 (Crispness) Set the Data rate to 1h30=900 2h=7503- Use VirtualDub to compress and multiplex Audio with Video Select your AVI video file, in Audio - WAV audio select your WAV file Video - Direct Stream Copy Audio - Interleaving - 500 ms of audio before video start- Interleave audio every 500 ms Audio - Compression - Choose DivX 😉 Audio at 64Kbps for DivX 😉 Video Audio - Full Processing Mode Save the final AVIEt voila !HEX edi t hack of default value !for those who want to make direct graphedit DivX 😉 AVIsIn the codec file DivXc32.DLL (low-motion)The Bit Rate at AC6The Quality at 1EA8The Keyframes at 1EAFIn the codec file DivXc32f.DLL (fast-motion)The Bit Rate at AC6The Quality at 1EA8The Keyframes at 1EAFIn the Decoder file DivX_c32.AXThe default CPU at 20B3Words/ Pages : 821 / 24

Shiyuan Li Essays - Marie Daulne, Walloon People, House Slippers

Shiyuan Li Communications Learn your heritage! I once heard someone say, "It is important to learn about your heritage!" ever since then, I have been keen on to searching and digging about who my ancestors were and what kind of future they have tried to provide for his descendants. In Deuteronomy from the Bible it goes, "Remember the Days of Old, consider the years of many generations: ask your father, and he will show you; your elders, and they will tell you." This passage not only inspired me, but also became a light that guided through my conversations with my elders. When I was younger, I had no interest in what my grandparents had to say to me. Afterall, they are just people who are living in a totally different generation and their advices are cannot be implemented the same way in a modern day context. But what I disregarded is that they have so much to offer to me; their success, failures, experiences. It was then that I started to converse with them. I learned about the wars, the floods, the catastrophes and triumphs. I searched and found that the house my father grew up in is now protected and cared by the government because of its heritage and significance. I learned that my late grandfather who loved me dearly but I never was able to speak to was part of the construction of the first Chinese nuclear bomb, and that his father was one of the most famous philanthropists during the Korean War who selflessly dedicated his wealth and resources into the country that he loves and identifies with. What I am trying to say is that knowing your heritage is one part of accepting your identity. Nowadays we all want find out who we are and achieve our goal, and a good sense of your heritage will help one find that. When I hear about what my ancestors have done to pave my future, I feel a sense of comfort that I cannot find from anything else. Heritage is like an inheritance that is worth far more than monetary value. This is an inheritance that sticks and stays by your side. I feel a sense of belonging and comfort, and it inspires me to draw closer to my family. Chinese families are really really big, and being the only family that is not in China makes it really hard for us. The connections that I have built with them has turned from "oh you are my relative" to "thank you so much for the contributions that you have made to make my life better." I am now able to talk about my heritage and values proudly, and I hope that I can continue to celebrate this great history of mine by conti nuing to preserve it for my kids. In todays world, much of our heritage has been lost either through wars or neglect. More and more arts and traditions are forgotten everyday, ones that will never be recalled from time. If we just put down whatever devices that has strangled us into this mobile society, and talk to our elders about their past and their family stories. Trust me it will be worthwhile.

Show, Dont Tell

Show, Dont Tell Show, Dont Tell Show, Dont Tell By Erin Anyone who’s ever written a short story or taken a freshman composition course has heard the words â€Å"show, don’t tell.† I know those words can be frustrating. You might not know exactly what â€Å"show, don’t tell† means. Or you might believe that you are showing when you’re really telling. While â€Å"telling† can be useful, even necessary, most people don’t realize how vital â€Å"showing† is to an effective story, essay, or even a blog post. Showing allows the reader to follow the author into the moment, to see and feel and experience what the author has experienced. Using the proper balance of showing and telling will make your writing more interesting and effective. â€Å"Okay, I get it,† you’re thinking. â€Å"But how do I do it? How do I bring more showing into my writing?† I’m glad you asked. Here are some tips that will help make your writing more vivid and alive for your reader. 1. Use dialogue This is probably one of the first things I talk to my students about when I have them write personal essays. Dialogue allows the reader to experience a scene as if they were there. Instead of telling the reader your mom was angry, they can hear it for themselves: â€Å"Justin Michael,† mom bellowed, â€Å"Get in here this instant!† Dialogue can give your reader a great deal about character, emotion and mood. 2. Use sensory language In order for readers to fully experience what you’re writing about, they need to be able to see, hear, taste, smell and touch the world around them. Try to use language that incorporates several senses, not just sight. 3. Be descriptive I’m sure everyone remembers learning to use adjectives and adverbs in elementary school. When we’re told to be more descriptive, it’s easy to go back to those things that we were taught. But being descriptive is more than just inserting a string of descriptive words. It’s carefully choosing the right words and using them sparingly to convey your meaning. The following example is from a short story I wrote. Telling: He sits on the couch holding his guitar. There’s nothing wrong with that sentence. It gives the reader some basic information, but it doesn’t create an image. Compare that sentence with this: Showing: His eyes are closed, and he’s cradling the guitar in his arms like a lover. It’s as if he’s trying to hold on to something that wants to let go. The second example takes that basic information and paints a picture with it. It also uses figurative language- in this case, the simile â€Å"cradling the guitar in his arms like a lover†- to help create an image. When using description, it’s important not to overdo it. Otherwise, you can end up with what I call â€Å"police blotter† description. For example: He was tall, with brown hair and blue eyes. He wore a red shirt and jeans, and a brown leather jacket. 4. Be specific, not vague This is another one I’m constantly reminding my college students about. Frequently, they will turn in essays with vague, fuzzy language. I’m not sure if they think this type of writing sounds more academic, but all it really does is frustrate the reader. Instead of writing, â€Å"I had never felt anything like it before in my entire life,† take the time to try and describe what that feeling was, and then decide how best to convey that feeling to the reader. Your readers will thank you for it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientCapitalization Rules for the Names of Games40 Idioms with First

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 12

Business Ethics - Essay Example Along with this the management accountants also use the financial statements and the statements like cash flow, fund flow (which are not published in the annual reports) and they formulate a plan about the further steps that should be taken by the management so that the company can use the available resources optimally and can perform better. If the accountants doing fraudulent while preparing the statements then the objective of the company can be hampered. The external stakeholders would fail to take the right decisions and the management accountants can’t plan successfully. So protecting the interest of the stakeholders it is necessary to maintain the accounting ethics properly by the company management. The accounting bodies has prepared some rules, the companies are bound to maintain those rules for protecting the interest of the stakeholders. The paper describes the issue of ethics in accounting; the importance of the ethics rules of AICPA is also discussed. A case study will also be discussed by the researcher for depicting the importance of ethics in accounting. Doing fraud in the financial statements is an intentional activity for making the balance sheet stronger, for showing higher profit of the company in the financial year. For showing higher profit than the actual the accountants shows higher value, higher revenue. Enron, the company in the energy sector started its business in 1985. In the 1990s the company’s growth was fine. The growth of the company made it one of the best companies in the world. In Standard and Poor 500 index the growth of the company was also good. But the lack of transparency was the cause of the downfall of the company. Their business model was complex and they used to do unethical practices. The company used to recognize the revenue even when the deal was signed between the two parties. Government deregulation was also a factor for their downfall. Enron used the Special Purpose Entities for accessing

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Report - Essay Example (Reed, Andy) International corporations are reported to be interested in Miami as a suitable for conventions and conferences, but there is doubt here whether they could afford the rate of four figures. Since Miami is a favorite destination, people who will come to visit the proposed resort hotel are those who do not make a big deal about money. These are the billionaires, top world leaders and politician, celebrities and honeymooners. The place could also easily attract golfers who come from the row of billionaires. These golfers form regular tournaments and stay at the most luxurious hotel in the area. They shun onlookers and would prefer privacy and luxury. Forbes has listed the world’s billionaires, who came from many parts of the world. Surprisingly, these billionaires start counting their billions at age 39. Saad Hari 39 years old, is a Lebanon national. Others are of younger generation who undoubtedly are pleasure seekers. Florida has been the favorite of celebrities today and in the past. Top stars of the 50s who were visitors of Miami were Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davies, Jr., Dean Martin and Joey Bishop. Lucille Ball and Desni Arnaz stayed at a Miami Beach Hotel for a shot of their TV series. Elvis Presley had a room in Jacksonville Hotel. Today, some of the celebrities you see walking in the beach in Miami are Lindsay Lohan, Britney Spears, Jaime Foxx, Gloria Esteffan, Ricky Martin and many more. Demand for luxury hotels in Miami are increasing as hotel occupancy in 2011 was 55.7% in February 2011 and even reached 98.97%. Rise in demand was caused by increase in consumer travels and business growth. It is predicted by the PFK Hospitality Research that there will be high levels of occupancy in Miami hotels and that the hotel sector will be performing above average. Local hotel operators have confirmed the increase of international visitors and they believe this trend will

Motives of internalization and strategic advantages and traits

Motives of internalization and strategic advantages and traits Internationalization can be defined as the desire to be a member of the international society by satisfying a certain standard, or strengthening the influence of a nation on other nations. It becomes the process where multinational enterprise (MNE) engaging, it is very important for these companies to penetrate international market if they want to be accepted and remain successful. (Sreenivasan Jayashree and Sahal Ali Al-Marwai). The internationalization process helps MNEs in maturate their operation in foreign market and enhance their competitive position abroad. According to Hedman (1993), three main alternatives for distributing the enterprises product exist, that is, indirect export, direct export and alternatives to export. When distributing indirectly, the different distribution activities are assigned to one or several intermediaries in the home market. When distributing directly, the producer itself conducts the distribution activities, such as distribution to a foreign importer, which in his turn forward the products to another intermediary or the end customer. (Molnar, 1990) the third alternative, alternatives to export, can take place through, for instance, own production in the target country, or licensing (Hedman, 1993). The rapid changes in todays business world call for new models of internationalization (Fillis, 2001; Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006), especially to be able to capture the early phase of internationalization in a better manner than the traditional models (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003). In contemporary research, Coviello and McAuley (1999), in line with Leonidou and Katsikeas (1996), have pointed at three theory directions that are preferable for studying internationalization, namely Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)-theories (a.k.a., the theory of the Multinational Firm), Stage models and Network theory. Even though these are different theory directions, they are seen to be complementary views where a combination of views is preferred since it is difficult to capture the internationalization concept using only one theoretical framework (Bell et al., 2003; Bjà ¶rkman and Forsgren, 2000; Coviello and Munro, 1997; Meyer and Skak, 2002). Network theory is increasingly being combined with stage theo ry in order to understand and explain the rapid internationalization of the firm (in Bell et al., 2003; Johanson and Vahlne, 1990, 2003; Meyer and Skak, 2002). The process of internationalization has been the subject of widespread theoretical and empirical research (for example, Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1975; Johanson and Vahlne 1977; Bilkey 1978; Cavusgil 1980; Turnbull 1987; Welch and Loustarinen 1988) and finds a general acceptance in the literature (Bradley 1991; Buckley and Ghauri 1993; Leonidou and Katsikeas 1996). The internationalization process is described as a gradual development taking place in distinct stages (Melin 1992). Internationalization processes in emerging markets, as in international markets in general, take place in a stepwise manner (Jansson, 2007). Companies commit themselves through a gradual learning process. Learning is incremental and takes place by doing. Firms learn about doing business abroad, for example, learning about the conditions in particular markets. Companies tend first to establish themselves in geographically and culturally proximate markets and increase their commitment, starting with agents, and passing through sales companies to manufacturing companies (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977; Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975). Within the last decades, the business world has changed drastically through globalization and internationalization -creating a new and fierce business environment for companies. We can now see a third wave of internationalization of firms in which companies domiciled in mature Western markets establish themselves on a large scale in emerging markets such as Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), Russia, China and India (Jansson, 2007). A recent phenomena of firm from Asian capital exporting countries were internationalizing and multinationalizing their business activities and have emerged or are emerging as Asian multinational enterprises (World Bank, 1993). They started the internationalizing activities and investing and setting up operation in other countries since mid-1980. Research interest which focus on these Asian enterprises and their direct investment activities arise in recent years (Ting, 1985; Ulagado et al., 1994; Yeung 1994, 1997). Foreign direct investment (FDI) started on the early 1980s. According to studies done by Lall, 1983;Well, 1983; Kumar and McLeod, 1981; Khan, 1986; Monkiewicz, 1986; Aggarwal and Agmon,1990; Tolentino, 1993, FDI of Third World multinational enterprises (TWMNEs), slightly different with the traditional MNEs from the western developed countries in term of their characteristic. The growth of East Asia (World Bank, 1993) in late 1980 and early 1990, has increased intra-regional direct investment. The directed investment process from Japan , followed by Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore and the activities transferring from one level of economies to another in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand has been depicted as wild flying geese pattern. (Toh and Low,1994; Guisinger, 1991). As a result, these Asian capital exporting countries firm internationalizing and multinationalizing their business activities and have emerged or are emerging as Asian multinational enterprises (World Bank, 1993). Problem Statement During these extremely competitive times, the international business environment is one that is normally full of immense uncertainty, volatility as well as a high rate of failure when it comes to international expansion The research on the nature, organization and operations of these emerging Asian international and multinational enterprises are limited. This is because research in international business and trade has been dependent largely upon economistic and western-centric theories developed predominantly in industrial and institutional economics (Buckley and Casson, 1985; Dunning, 1988, 1993). A study shown internationalization is the crucial factor for a firm to grow and develop economically and technologically (Syed Zamberi Ahmad and Fariza Hashim, 2007). Hence, it is very important for multinational companies to conduct a comprehensive examination of the various important factors that could influence the type of strategy that is to be selected for international market entry. 1.3 Objectives This research is dedicated to all local Malaysian companies who are looking at ways and means to internationalize their operations to a foreign market and would be of tremendous assistance to them in determining the correct strategic path and improve the understanding of the Asian MNEs characteristic. 1.4 Research Question According to the problem statement above, the author has formulated some question to meet the research objective. The question are : What are the key characteristics and success of their foreign ventures? What are the motives for internationalization? What are the entry strategies? What are the strategic advantages and traits? Research Contribution Government: Through this study, government can carry out some government policy to lead more firm success in their international proses in expanding their business. Firms: This study provides information to provide better understand characteristic and strategy for the purpose of internationalization which can increase the net profit of the firm. Economic: This study enable economist to better understand how development of economic on a country can help MNEs in their internationalization process. 1.6 Summary This study proposal consists 3 chapters. Chapter 1 provides the overview of the recent phenomena of internationalization, the problem statement, objectives, and question. Chapter 2 displays literature review by past research, followed by concept and theories, and research framework. Chapter 3 describes the research methodology, sampling technique, data collection, data analysis and research planning that use to analysis the finding in Chapter 4. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter reviews the past studies about the concept and theory which included internationalization process, entry notes and process, eclectic explanation, foreign direct investment, regional and global internationalization processes, Uppsala model and Asian context. After that it follows by the research framework. 2.2 Concept and Theory 2.2.1 Internationalization processes Internationalization processes in emerging markets, as in international markets in general, take place in a stepwise manner (Jansson, 2007). Companies commit themselves through a gradual learning process. Learning is incremental and takes place by doing. Firms learn about doing business abroad, for example, learning about the conditions in particular markets. Companies tend first to establish themselves in geographically and culturally proximate markets and increase their commitment, starting with agents, and passing through sales companies to manufacturing companies (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977; Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975). Research on the exports of mainly North American companies has reached similar results (Bilkey, 1978; Cavusgil, 1980; Czinkota, 1982; Reid, 1981). Such process theories are highly useful especially when studying international 66 H. Jansson, S. Sandberg / Journal of International Management 14 (2008) 65-77 business in CEE. Learning processes are essential s ince the company needs to adapt to an emerging and different business context, such as exists in the CEE (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006). As noted by Sharma and Blomstermo (2003b) a basic assumption in internationalization process theory is that knowledge accumulation is continuous and dependent upon the duration of foreign operations. The longer firms have been involved in foreign operations, the more knowledge they accumulate about such operations. There is a relationship between knowledge accumulation and risk so that the more knowledge a firm has, the less uncertain they perceive the foreign market to be. Firms that lack knowledge about foreign markets even tend to overestimate risks. This corresponds to what Jansson (1989) found concerning establishment processes in a regional perspective, namely that the pace of investments in Southeast Asian countries accelerated, the more experienced the firms became in an area. Johanson and Vahlne (1990) stated that Uppsala model of internationalization indicated firms reveal an evolutionary process in internationalizing through a series of evolutionary stage. 2.2.2 Entry nodes and entry processes Firms entering emerging markets face several barriers according to Meyer (2001). These barriers include a lack of information, unclear regulations and corruption. According to traditional research on internationalization processes, market entries either take place through intermediaries such as agents or distributors or through a firms own representative in the exporting/importing country, mainly a subsidiary. In terms of research in this area, scholars have found that relationships are at the core of the internationalization process (Axelsson and Johanson, 1992; Ford, 2002; Hà ¥kansson, 1982; Hà ¥kansson and Snehota, 1995; Hammarkvist et al., 1982; Jansson, 1994, 2007; Johanson and Vahlne, 2003; Majkgà ¥rd and Sharma, 1998). According to the network approach to internationalization, entries into local market networks take place through establishing relationships. The international marketing and purchasing of products and know-how through a direct exporter/importer network means that a vertical network in the exporting region (e.g. a suppliers supplier network) is indirectly connected to another vertical network in the importing region (e.g. a buyers buyer network). This large vertical network will, in turn, be embedded in other regional and national networks, such as a financial network (Jansson, 2006, 2007). From a network perspective, establishment points in foreign market networks are defined as entry nodes. There are various routes into these networks, or nodes by which a firm can enter a network. Entries through trade either take place H. Jansson, S. Sandberg / Journal of International Management 14 (2008) 65-77 67 directly with customers or indirectly through intermediaries. Direct relationships, dyads, can be established between buyer and seller in the respective countries. Indirect relationships, triads, involve an outside party or other type of entry node, usually an intermediary such as an agent, dealer or distributor. Dyads can also be established through the entry mode FDI (a subsidiary in the importing country). Entry processes take place by building relationships to form networks in foreign markets. Irrespective of entry node, the development of international buyer/seller relationships tends to follow a five stage pattern (Ford, 1980, 2002; Ford et al., 1998). Each stage of the entry process can be described by a number of relationship factors, such as how the experience, commitment and adaptations of the parties increase across the stages and how the distance and uncertainty between them are reduced across the stages. The first stage includes the taking-up of marketing/purchasing activities before a formal relationship begins. The next three stages show how direct buyer-seller relationships within networks are established: from their beginning and to their deepening. Experience indicates the amount of experience the respective parties have with each other. They will gauge their partners commitment to the relationship, e.g. by the willingness to make adaptations. Distance is multifaceted and it can be split into social, cultural, technological, time and geographic distance. Uncertainty deals with the fact that at the initial stages, it is difficult to assess the potential rewards and costs of the relationship. In the fifth and final stage, the relationship is extensively institutionalized and habitual, with commitment being taken for granted. Based on Terpstra and Sarathy, 1991; and Baek, 2003, joint ventures with host governments and local partners in the host country were among the preferred entry strategies for international operational operation. Petronas in South Africa entered into a commercial alliance with Engen in 1996 as a strategic partner. The acquisition was to enable both companies to implement a shared growth strategy in Africa and the Indian Ocean Rim, while allowing the development of potential operational synergies between the two business entities (Padayachee and Valodia, 2002). 2.2.3 Eclectic Explanation Eclectic Paradigm is a proverbial known explanation of international production. Dunnings (1977, 1988, 1993, 1995). Eclectic Paradigm stated that the extent and pattern of international production is determined by: 1) Ownership advantages (for example, proprietary technology, products, expertise and skill) 2) Internalization advantages (for example, transaction costs reduction, maximize economic return), and 3) Location advantages of host and home countries These OLI (Ownership Location Internalization) variables listed above explain the reason internationalization occurs but overlook the dynamic process of internationalization. The Eclectic paradigm is provided by the Investment Development Path (Dunning, 1981, 1986) with a dynamic dimension, and relates the net outward investment of a country to its stage of economic development. Five stages of IDP ( Investment Development Path) Stage 1: At low level of economic development, there is little inward or outward investments. Stage 2: Inward investment becomes attractive, especially in import substitution projects as the country develops. Some outward investment may take place in neighborly countries which at lower stages of development. Most developing countries with some outward investments are at this stage. Stage 3: With economic development move forward, net inward investment declines while outward investment increases (relative to inward investment). Increasing of outward investment may take place in countries at lower IDP stages in order to overcome cost disadvantages in labour intensive industries and also to seek markets or strategic assets. Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea are said to be at this stage. Stage 4: As production being multinationalized, net outward investment becomes positive. Most developed countries are at this stage. Stage 5: The shift from advantages based more on factor endownment to those based on internalizing international market convergent outward and inward investment flows. Empirical research on Third World (including Asian) multinationals has given general support to the IDP concept (Dunning, 1986; Tolentino, 1993; Dunning Narula, 1996; Lall, 1996). Dunning and Narula (1996) acknowledge that country factors may influence the IDP pattern of a country, such as resource endownment, home market size, industrialization strategy, government policy, and the organization of economic activities. TWMNEs were smaller than their counterparts from developed countries and have limited number of overseas operations. The competitive advantages of TWMNEs were based on cost advantages (particularly labour cost) and greater responsiveness to host country needs which is different from western MNEs. They served market niches which were not covered by the traditional MNEs and so were not in direct competition with them. The major motivation for these FDI was protecting export markets rather than exploiting rent from proprietary technological know-how (or other ownership spe cific advantages characteristic of western MNEs) explained in theories, such as the eclectic paradigm of Dunning (1977, 1995). TWMNEs possessed first or second generation labour-intensive technologies and produced standardized products mainly for the domestic host country market which at stage 4 of IDP. Wells (1983) presupposes a pecking order hypothesis to suggest that the TWMNEs technologies could fill the technological gap between the advanced technology of developed country MNEs and the rudimentary technology of less developed countries (LDCs) in a pecking down order. Lall (1983) emphasized the flexibility and adaptability of TWMNEs technologies to be more suitable or appropriate to LDC situations. 2.2.4 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) It may seem surprising that there is significant number of foreign direct investments by some firms from developing countries because it is usually credited to more developed countries. A number of studies indicate that FDI flows not only from the industrialized or well-developed countries, as well as developing countries. Scholars such as Lecraw (1981, 1993), Wells (1977, 1981), Lall (1983a, and 1983b), Kumar and Lim (1984), Ulgado et. al., (1994) are only some of those who have carried out empirical studies and researched FDI flows from developing country firms in the 1970s and 1980s. Comparisons between the nature of international expansion of firms from developing countries and the nature of those corporations that originated from developed countries are made in most of these studies (Dunning, 1986; Vernon-Wortzel and Wortzel, 1988). In general, it has been depicted that the competitive advantages of MNCs from developed country are derived from advanced proprietary technology or other superior resources (Yeung, 1994). While ability to reduce costs of imported technology through de-scaled manufacturing or smaller scale of production is focus of the competitive advantage from developing country MNCs were derived from their This is a process whereby technologies from industrialised countries are adapted to suit smaller markets by reducing scale, replacing machinery with manual labour, and relying on local inputs (Ramamurti, 2004). Outward direct investment from developing countries started to grow rapidly to a sizeable magnitude during the mid-1980. This became the main tool of developing country multinationals in demanding that their constituent firms prepare for the drastically international competition that they were about to face(Kumar, 1996, 1997). The emergence of new technologies in the late 1980s somehow decreases the interest in outward direct investment from developing countries subsided (Kumar, 1996; Oh et. al., 1998; Pananond and Zeithaml, 1998; van Hoesel, 1999). Pananond and Zeithaml(1998) and van Hoesel(1999) recounted that aggregate analyses of developing country MNEs conducted at the industry level get attention from scholars and yielded interesting results by the early 1990s. They concluded that there were marked differences in characteristics between developing country MNEs in the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars posited that these two groups of MNEs belonged to two different waves of development i n term of their respective historical backgrounds, nature of businesses, extent of the role of government in operations and transactions, geographical direction, and mode of internationalisation activity. MNEs in the 1980s are more concerned with cost competitiveness with their competitors (van Hoesel, 1999). In contrast, developing country MNEs in the 1990s placed greater emphasis on the development and reset business strategies due to the dynamic changing patterns of world business structure brought about by trade liberalisation and economic globalisation (Dunning et al., 1997). Besides this, they put more effort on technological competence as the source of competitive advantage (Pananond and Zeithmal, 1998). They noted that notwithstanding these differences, there existed several significant interrelated points of convergence between the two groups (Dunning et al., 1997; van Hoesel, 1999). 2.1.5 Regional and global internationalization processes In analyzing the early internationalization steps of smaller and less experienced companies, the internationalization process model by Johanson and Vahlne (1977) is regarded as a highly useful tool. In internationalization research, few studies have been conducted on higher level internationalization where companies are established in several countries and have fully-owned businesses (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006). The more countries in a region a firm exports to, the more extensive is the regional internationalization process. The more regions a firm exports to, the more global is the internationalization process. New stages of internationalization are established when a firm extends its business from one major type of market to another or from one type of foreign environment to another. The main factor behind these stages is experiential knowledge, meaning that firms gradually build a knowledge base through operating in foreign markets. They learn from past experience by transforming this experience to useful knowledge. There are three types of such knowledge (Eriksson et al., 1997). Internationalization knowledge about how to perform international operations is an expression of a firms current stock of knowledge in the form of its resources and capabilities. The more novel the foreign environment, the more difficult it is for the firm to apply its current stock of knowledge to that foreign market. This means that there is a gap between a firms present internationalization knowledge and the knowledge the company has about how to do business in the specific foreign market, i.e. concerning its network experiential knowledge and institutional knowledge (Blomstermo et al., 2004). Based on a firms experiential knowledge process, internationalization processes are often divided into different degrees of internationalization. Johanson and Mattsson (1991) discuss the internationalization process for firms with various degrees of internationalization and propose that the process is mainly valid during the early stages of a firms internationalization: inexperienced firms tend to follow a traditionally slow and gradual pattern, while the internationalization of a more experienced company is less slow and gradual. 2.2.6 Uppsala model The Uppsala model (Johanson Weidersheim-Paul, 1975; Johanson Vahlne, 1977) provides an explanation of the dynamic process of internationalization of individual firms. The Uppsala model emphasize on the importance of gaining knowledge and experience about the characteristics of foreign markets along the internationalisation path, and helps MNEs reduced risks and levels of uncertainty in unfamiliar foreign environments before investing (Wiedersheim-Paul et al., 1978). The successive steps of increasing highly commitment are based on knowledge acquisition. Foreign activities started with export to foreign country through independent representative or agent, after that establish sales subsidiary and finally start production in the host country. The internationalization of the firm across many foreign markets was particularly related to psychic distance which included differences in language, education, business practices, culture and industrial development. Firstly, enter foreign market which closer in term of psychic distance, followed by subsequent entries in markets with greater psychic distances. Same goes to entry mode of foreign market. The incremental expansion of market commitment meant that the initial entry was typically some form of low commitment mode and followed by progressively higher levels of commitment. Obviously, commitment of the level of ownership in different markets was correlated with their psychic distance. The Uppsala model had received general support in empirical research (Welch and Loustarinen, 1988; Davidson, 1980, 1983; Erramilli et al., 1999) and its largely intuitive nature and evolutionary learning perspective made it attractive as an explanatory model. A related view regards learning was that TWMNEs built up their advantages through the accumulation of technology and skills. Lall (1983) emphasized on the localization and adaptation of technology to suit local markets by TWMNEs. Tolentino (1993) focused in term of the accumulation of technological competence in the expansion of firms from developing countries which was consistent with the resource-based view of building competitive advantage in strategic management. The accumulation of knowledge and competence especially its knowledge of developing markets and not so much its technology by the CP Group in Thailand was the key to its internationalization. There are also differences between the CP Group and Western MNEs (Pananond and Zeithaml, 1998). Mathews (2002, 2006) postulated that emerging firms could foster internationalization via leverage of their contractual linkages with other foreign firms to acquire resources and learning new capabilities. He indicated that this explanati on complemented the OLI framework and could be used to explain the rise of such latecomer firms which he dubbed as Dragon multinationals. 2.2.7 Asian Context Yeung (1999); Zutshi Gibbons (1989) portrayed that western theories on internationalization have neglect the active role played by the state and overlooked the institutional or contextual perspective in the internationalization of Asian. Asians state always plays a direct and active role in the internationalization of its MNEs. For example, the Singapore government played a key and direct role in the promotion of outward FDI (e.g., growth triangles, industrial parks in foreign countries), particularly from the early 1990s in its regionalization programs (Pang, 1994; Tan, 1995; ESCAP/UNCTAD, 1997). Incentives and other programs for instance tax incentives, finance schemes, training also provided to foster the rapid development of local entrepreneurship in the regionalization efforts. In Malaysia, the government took a very active role in promoting the internationalization of Malaysian firms. Investment promotion missions abroad were organized and often lead by the Prime Minister. The government provided incentives including tax abatement in 1991 and subsequently full tax exemption in 1995 for income earned overseas and remitted back to Malaysia. An overseas investment guarantee program was instituted. Malaysian government instructed firms to defer non-essential overseas investment in order to reduce the impact of the effects of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In the Asian context, the state has played a very active and direct role in promoting the internationalization of its national firms. This is much different with the western context, where the role of the state is benign and indirect. 2.3 Summary This chapter first discussed the internationalization process in terms of entry notes and process, eclectic explanation, foreign direct investment, regional and global internationalization processes, Uppsala model and Asian context. The following chapter discusses the research method, survey development, and sample selection CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter provides an overview of the research method. It starts by explaining the appropriateness of the research method. Then discusses the research design which consists of seven steps: questionnaire development, literature review, proposal, data collection, data analysis, discussion and conclusion, and write-up. Next the data collection and sample selection is discussed with reasons for each of the decisions involved. The next section discusses the statistical methods. Lastly, a Gantt chart will be use to estimate the times use in each activity. 3.2 Sampling Technique A case study approach will be using in this paper. It tends to provide in depth information and intimate details about the particular case being studied. This approach was used to collect comprehensive and holistic data (Eisenhardt, 1989; Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Asian MNEs 491 Yin, 1994) about firms that have internationalized their operations over time. The focus here is on MNEs from Malaysia (a fast developing country). Case studies mean that the research investigates few objects in many respects (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Case studies are most suitable if you like to get a detailed understanding about different kinds of process (Lekvall Wahlbin, 1987). The researches may, for instance, choose a line of business and an enterprise, and conduct an in depth investigation (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Yin (1994) states, that when the form of the questions is why and how, the case study strategy is most likely to be appropriate. The research problem I have investigated was how the internationalisation process of a MNEs when entering to foreign market can be characterised , which was divided into four research questions. 3.3 Data Collection 3.3.1 Secondary data Eriksson Wiedersheim-Paul (1997) points out that secondary data is data, which already has been collected by someone else, for another purpose. Statistics, and reports issued by governments , trade associations, and so on, are some sources of secondary data (Chisnall, 1997). The annual report and the enterprises homepage, are another sources of secondary data (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Secondary data research should always be carried out before doing any field survey (Chisnall, 1991). When I had defined the research area, I started to search for relevant literature. The databases that I have used to find relevant literature are EBSCOhost, Science Direct, Libris, ABI/INFORM, and Helecon. The keywords used when searching the databases were international business, Malaysian MNEs, internationalization, strategies, mode of entry. These words were co

Heat and Dust (Characters and Summary)

Heat and Dust (Characters and Summary) Heat and Dust Characters: 1923Olivia, Douglas, The Nawab, Mr. /Mrs. Crawford, Mr. /Mrs. Minnies, Harry, The Begum, Dr. SaundersPresent timeThe Narrator, Inder Lal, Chid, Maji, Dr. Gopal, Karim and Kitty, Ritu, Inder Lal’s mother Summary The narrator of the present went to India in order to find out her grandfather’s first wife– Olivia’s story. She gets to know the Indian officer Inder Lal, who sublets her a small room in Satipur and becomes a friend of his.While being more and more accepted in the Indian society and knowing more about the Indian culture, the narrator herself has been changed by India as well. The change of her is not only obvious by her outward appearance, some of her attitudes has been changed as well. She thinks the old sick beggar woman is dispensable and has hesitated to help her. On the other hand, she has helped Chid without hanging back, although he was also infected. The relationship between t he narrator and Inder Lal has developed as well. They became intimate and have a love affair, while Inder Lal’s wife, Ritu, was on the pilgrimage with his mother.They like to talk to each other in order to find out as much as possible about the Indian/western world, which is foreign to them. During the conversations, the narrator finds out that Inder Lal is not happy in his marriage with Ritu. She is not good educated and can not understand his thoughts. Inder Lal’s mother has chosen her to be his wife because of the compatibility of their families and her fair komplex. Olivia’s story is plotted in 1923. The narrator discovers her story by reading her letters to Marcia, her sister. Olivia could not speak Hindu nor Urdu, what made it difficult for her to find any Indian friends.Anyhow she never had the intention to be under Indians. She does not like the Crawfords and the Minnies. They are the contrast of her: They speak Hindu, know exactly which behaviour is exp ected and get along with all sorts of situations. Her only friends in India were Harry and the Nawab. After meeting each other the first time while the dinner party in the palace, the Nawab and Olivia kept meeting each other either in her home, or in his palace. The picnic at the Baba Firdau’s Shrine ended up with a love affair between the Nawab and Olivia.Olivia got pregnant and told both the Nawab and her husband Douglas about the pregnancy. Douglas had no idea that the child might be not his. Nevertheless the Begum, the mother of the Nawab, soon arranged an abortion for her, but the scandal was not to be hidden anymore. After the abortion, Olivia made her way to X, a small village in the foothills of the Himalayas. She maintained a house there and died in the 1950s. In the end the narrator, who is pregnant from Inder Lal, but has decided to keep the baby, also comes to X and rents a room in Olivia’s house.

Communication in Emergency Management

AbstractEmergency is an event or situation that occurs unpredictably causing damage to man and society. Management of emergencies is not as easy as event management. In emergency management, one has to be quicker, more knowledgeable and more resourceful in dealing with and solving emergency cases.In the same way that event management requires communication among its key persons (organizer, speakers, etc.), emergency management needs more of this element in order to carry out emergency plans well, for an effective damage prevention. The key players in managing well an emergency, namely the doctor, fire chief and police chief, must talk to one another not only to effectively do their part in the emergency management process, but also to be able to minimize as much as possible the damage done or threatening to be done. Emergency Management 101Dealing with emergencies is not a joke. It is a serious and urgent situation requiring immediate action so that no further harm can be made. Emerg ency defined is an urgent situation or occurrence threatening grave damage to man and society (P&I Services, 2006). Although emergencies are unpredictable, they can be dealt with proper knowledge and understanding both in handling the particular emergency and preventing further harm.Emergency management in its simplest sense is the process of managing emergencies or urgent situations. Managing an emergency includes assessment or assistance to affected party/ies, prevention of further damage, preparation for â€Å"after-shock’s†, responding to the situation swiftly and calmly, and recovering from such emergency situations (P&I Services, 2006).Emergency Management PlayersThe key players in the emergency management process are the hospital, fire department, and police department. The heads of these three institutions all contribute their part in the effective management of an emergency situation, and all their contributions greatly affect the success or failure of an emer gency management.Hospitals are health institutions that cater to the physical or biological welfare of people. Their role in emergency management is to ensure the health condition of affected parties. They are very important in a sense that their concern, which is human health, is of great importance to an individual, and in emergencies, threatening this part of human welfare is the first concern of an individual (Canton, 2006).The fire department on the other hand prevents the spreading of fire, the start of one, and minimizes the effects of fire to the people. Fire is a natural need of man to cook food for him, keep him warm, etc. But too much fire can threaten his welfare. The fire department, in the emergency management process, mobilizes fire situation if there is one, and prevents such fire from starting in order to minimize the harm already done.And of course, the police department plays a vital role in the documentation of emergencies. The first thing they do in an emergency situation is to mobilize the vicinity involved in the emergency, organizing the people within the vicinity to maximize the help and assistance they can contribute in the proper and effective management of the disaster at hand.These key players need to work together because even though they work differently, all their actions affect not just one another, but the whole emergency situation itself as well. Effective communication is the key to a productive and optimized management of emergencies.Emergency Management ProcessThe flow of an emergency management is as follows:First is the occurrence of the emergency. Emergencies take the form of major fire or explosion, flood, earthquake, storm or cyclone or twister, dangerous or threatening person/s (stalker/s, kidnapper/s, etc.), civil disorder, gas leak, chemical spill, and others. The initial response emergency management key players is to stay calm. As key players, their mind is in ensuring the welfare of people, particularly others n ot themselves, and not on things (Deakin University, 2006).With an emergency management coordinator around, s/he surveys the scene, before assigning tasks and assignments to his/her key players. S/he will weigh the graveness of each victim’s predicament then prioritize those who need help most at the most immediate time, and only then would s/he delegate the task at hand (Deakin University, 2006).Once the key players see the damage, they do their roles and organize themselves to cater to the needs of people. They start do what should be done to stop or minimize the effect of the crisis and to prevent further harm. The emergency management team would have to do their tasks on the spot since the emergency they are about to accomplish require their immediate attention (Deakin University, 2006).After having briefly dealt with the emergencies, victims are then evacuated to some place near and can accommodate to their needs more attentively.And of course, as emergency coordinator, s/he will gather his/her team and evaluate the work they have just done.Communication During Emergency ManagementThe key players work together, and so they could consider themselves a team. One could not completely accomplish a task if not for the help of another team mate. Their work is seen as a team, not as an individual, and so it is important that they communicate well with one another.The basic way to get them to talk to one another is to give them a reason to do so. Say, ask one of your key players to ask another key player about something. This strategy works when they have just met, and your team is not yet, of course, in the middle of a crisis.People are confident and comfortable in talking with another individual once they know something about them, even just their name. And so, as an emergency management coordinator, it would not hurt to hold an activity on the first meeting. Not only would they know who they work with, but also it gives them the chance to get comfortabl e working as a team, and trust one another as team mates.Many childhood activities do work in order to get the people communicating with one another. People may lack the initiative and confidence to speak to another because of indifference. Games do sound childlike, but then grown-ups find these as guilty pleasures. Name games and getting-to-know-you games are great starts for individuality-introduction activities.It would also greatly help if you, yourself as coordinator, do the talking first. Ask them about their interests, what they do other than the job they have, their history and the like. People talk when they know someone listens. Show that as coordinator, you want to listen, you are interested in your key player, and that you encourage others as well to listen and be interested.The art of talking does not only consist of saying everything about anything, rather saying things that concern your team that are of interest to them. Share your stories, to get them to share theirs , but then do not go overboard. Once they start, let them just handle the flow of the discussion.Another way of having them conversing with one another is setting up bonding sessions. Short, bonding, group activities allow individuals to be loose for a while and be ordinary human beings mindless of their work. Let them have such at the most convenient time, i.e. after a successful emergency management that didn’t take much of their energy that would also serve as a victory celebration. The opportunities are endless.Organizing the Emergency Management GroupOrganizing an emergency management group is not easy. It is a serious matter dealing with serious situations. Such group involves people—normal, social individuals. Thus, communication cannot possibly be taken away from such group. Communication not only strengthens the ties among the members of the group, but also allows them to work more efficiently.ReferencesCanton, L. G. (2006). Emergency management: concepts and strategies for effective programs. New York: Pantheon.Deakin University. (2006 May, 1). Deakin University: emergency management plan. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://www.deakin.edu.au/emergency/policies/procedures/Emergency%20Management%20Plan%202006%20Aug.pdfP&I Services. (2006 March, 7). Glossary. Retrieved December 12, 2007, from http://www.emergencymanagement.org.uk/faq/glossaryandacronyms/tabid/2090/Default.aspx